Roman numerals in music theory are symbols used to represent the chords or scale degrees within a key. They provide a way to analyze and understand the harmonic structure of a piece of music.
Harmonic Functions: Harmonic functions refer to the roles that chords play within a key. Each chord has its own function, such as establishing stability (tonic), creating tension (dominant), or providing contrast (subdominant).
Cadences: Cadences are chord progressions that create a sense of resolution or finality at the end of a musical phrase.
Modulation: Modulation refers to changing from one key to another within a piece of music.